Issuer League Tables
Issuer Flows (Absolute)
| Brand | AUM | 1 Day | 5 Day | 30 Day | YTD | 1 Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | ||||||
| Vanguard | $4,676.46B | $3.78B | $13.90B | $47.28B | $436.74B | $563.72B |
| iShares | $4,651.87B | $3.44B | $10.91B | $59.84B | $346.31B | $468.63B |
| SPDR | $2,076.41B | $2.55B | $237.0M | $31.60B | $130.84B | $156.65B |
| Direxion | $64.36B | $1.54B | $2.99B | $9.00B | $289.9M | ($3.22B) |
| Invesco | $982.22B | $1.24B | $3.15B | $7.04B | $78.83B | $98.08B |
| Top 5 Laggards | ||||||
| ProShares | $124.93B | ($139.1M) | $591.7M | $201.0M | $25.60B | $27.17B |
| Defiance | $9.82B | ($119.1M) | $27.6M | $169.3M | $5.10B | $7.05B |
| 21Shares | $2.80B | ($110.3M) | ($102.0M) | ($291.9M) | ($575.1M) | ($939.1M) |
| American Century (may be the result of a custom rebalance) | $6.84B | ($109.9M) | ($147.0M) | $42.4M | $1.03B | $1.28B |
| Roundhill | $30.40B | ($88.9M) | ($164.1M) | ($2.04B) | $25.77B | $27.20B |
Issuer Flows (Relative to AUM)
| Brand | AUM | 1 Day Flow | 1 Day Flow % of AUM |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| Synera Funds | $81.1M | $28.6M | 35.26% |
| Brookmont | $129.5M | $8.1M | 6.26% |
| Alger | $10.37B | $610.9M | 5.89% |
| Tema | $3.75B | $194.7M | 5.19% |
| Parnassus Investments | $220.0M | $10.4M | 4.74% |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| Tremblant | $174.0M | ($8.2M) | (4.72%) |
| Corgi | $638.1M | ($29.7M) | (4.65%) |
| 21Shares | $2.80B | ($110.3M) | (3.94%) |
| Towle | $204.4M | ($4.6M) | (2.27%) |
| REX-Osprey | $146.2M | ($2.9M) | (2.01%) |
Daily ETF Flow Analysis
Total flows across all asset classes reached $16.62B for the day, building on a $44.08B 5-day total and a $223.81B 30-day figure that keeps the YTD sum near $1.71T. Equity products dominated with $9.74B in net inflows, consistent with their $26.57B weekly and $118.69B monthly pace, while Fixed Income added a substantial $5.83B, also tracking its $655.60B 1-year trend. Non-Traditional products gathered $2.10B, lifted by leveraged equity categories, while Digital Asset products saw net outflows of $751.8M, driven largely by cryptocurrency redemptions. Among categories, U.S. Large Cap – Blend led with $3.72B and Municipal – Intermediate fixed income gathered $2.03B, while Cryptocurrency – Bitcoin led outflows at $641.2M and Precious Metals commodities shed $447.2M.
Asset Class Flows
| Asset Class | AUM | 1 Day | 1 Week | 1 Month | YTD | 1 Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity | $12,587.30B | $9.74B | $26.57B | $118.69B | $1,014.82B | $1,307.88B |
| Fixed Income | $2,751.73B | $5.83B | $15.10B | $82.88B | $554.10B | $655.60B |
| Commodity | $325.05B | ($417.1M) | ($1.74B) | ($832.2M) | $8.18B | $16.88B |
| Alternative | $22.86B | $50.6M | ($416.1M) | $1.67B | $12.54B | $12.66B |
| Multi-Asset | $45.37B | $65.1M | ($73.3M) | $718.0M | $13.01B | $14.94B |
| Currency | $2.65B | ($3.5M) | $17.1M | ($92.1M) | $387.4M | $397.3M |
| Non-Traditional | $510.40B | $2.10B | $4.58B | $21.16B | $102.97B | $120.90B |
| Digital Asset | $128.42B | ($751.8M) | $40.5M | ($381.8M) | $2.94B | ($1.54B) |
| Total | $16,373.77B | $16.62B | $44.08B | $223.81B | $1,708.96B | $2,127.73B |
Category Flows (Top/Bottom 10)
| Category | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|
| Top 10 Leaders | ||
| Equity: U.S. Large Cap – Blend | $4,897.01B | $3.72B |
| Equity: U.S. Large Cap – Growth | $1,475.90B | $2.43B |
| Fixed Income: Municipal – Intermediate | $162.95B | $2.03B |
| Non-Traditional: Leverage | Inverse – Equity | $136.93B | $1.94B |
| Equity: U.S. Large Cap – Value | $1,158.94B | $1.10B |
| Equity: Global Large Cap – Blend | $176.26B | $769.3M |
| Fixed Income: Taxable – Corporate | $176.43B | $716.9M |
| Equity: Sector – Consumer Staples | $27.57B | $568.2M |
| Equity: U.S. Mid Cap – Blend | $445.36B | $474.1M |
| Equity: Global Ex-U.S. Large Cap – Blend | $1,164.80B | $430.7M |
| Bottom 10 Laggards | ||
| Digital Asset: Cryptocurrency – Bitcoin | $107.22B | ($641.2M) |
| Commodity: Focused – Precious Metals | $285.19B | ($447.2M) |
| Non-Traditional: Leverage | Inverse – Single Stock | $29.30B | ($421.3M) |
| Equity: Sector – Financials | $97.30B | ($416.4M) |
| Fixed Income: Taxable – Bank Loans | $23.22B | ($273.5M) |
| Equity: Sector – Health Care | $120.19B | ($220.5M) |
| Equity: Sector – Industrial | $79.18B | ($161.2M) |
| Equity: Region – Eurozone | $68.83B | ($149.5M) |
| Equity: Sector – Energy | $78.32B | ($140.1M) |
| Equity: Thematic – Natural Resources | $51.08B | ($133.5M) |
U.S. Size & Style
Within U.S. size and style, State Street SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) led with $1.60B, followed by Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) at $803.7M and Invesco QQQ Trust Series I (QQQ) at $669.2M, while the Alger Concentrated Equity ETF (CNEQ) added $610.9M. On the outflow side, iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV) shed $345.2M, and Dimensional’s US Marketwide Value ETF (DFUV) and US Large Cap Value ETF (DFLV) lost $254.5M and $242.2M respectively. The American Century U.S. Quality Value ETF (VALQ) recorded a $138.6M outflow (may be the result of a custom rebalance), representing a sizable share of its AUM base.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| SPY | State Street SPDR S&P 500 ETF | $820.42B | $1.60B |
| VOO | Vanguard S&P 500 ETF | $1,051.66B | $803.7M |
| QQQ | Invesco QQQ Trust Series I | $475.88B | $669.2M |
| DIA | State Street SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust | $45.73B | $633.4M |
| CNEQ | Alger Concentrated Equity ETF | $6.79B | $610.9M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| IVV | iShares Core S&P 500 ETF | $878.08B | ($345.2M) |
| DFUV | Dimensional US Marketwide Value ETF | $15.79B | ($254.5M) |
| DFLV | Dimensional US Large Cap Value ETF | $7.58B | ($242.2M) |
| VALQ | American Century U.S. Quality Value ETF (may be the result of a custom rebalance) | $200.6M | ($138.6M) |
| QUAL | iShares MSCI USA Quality Factor ETF | $48.55B | ($112.3M) |
Explore the U.S. Size & Style Explorer →
Size & Style ex-U.S.
International size and style flows were comparatively modest, led by Vanguard Total International Stock ETF (VXUS) with $334.7M, followed by iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ex China ETF (EMXC) at $54.6M. On the outflow side, iShares MSCI EAFE Value ETF (EFV) led with a $94.8M redemption, while Lazard International Dynamic Equity ETF (IDEQ) lost $15.1M. Flows across this category were generally smaller in magnitude compared to domestic size and style funds.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| VXUS | Vanguard Total International Stock ETF | $160.71B | $334.7M |
| EMXC | iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ex China ETF | $25.64B | $54.6M |
| AVEM | Avantis Emerging Markets Equity ETF | $26.81B | $34.8M |
| IVLU | iShares MSCI Intl Value Factor ETF | $4.51B | $29.5M |
| DFAX | Dimensional World ex U.S. Core Equity 2 ETF | $12.27B | $28.8M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| EFV | iShares MSCI EAFE Value ETF | $30.37B | ($94.8M) |
| IDEQ | Lazard International Dynamic Equity ETF | $2.05B | ($15.1M) |
| DEXC | Dimensional Emerging Markets ex China Core Equity ETF | $288.6M | ($7.4M) |
| DWX | State Street SPDR S&P International Dividend ETF | $517.0M | ($4.7M) |
| HEFA | iShares Currency Hedged MSCI EAFE ETF | $7.50B | ($4.6M) |
Explore the Global (ex-U.S.) Size & Style Explorer →
Sector & Industry
Sector flows were led by the VanEck Semiconductor ETF (SMH) with $706.2M and the State Street Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR ETF (XLP) at $562.2M, consistent with Consumer Staples’ $568.2M category-level inflow. On the outflow side, the iShares Semiconductor ETF (SOXX) shed $570.4M, offsetting much of SMH’s gain within the same sector, while iShares Expanded Tech-Software Sector ETF (IGV) lost $326.1M. The State Street SPDR S&P Regional Banking ETF (KRE) and Energy Select Sector SPDR ETF (XLE) also saw notable redemptions of $318.3M and $287.2M, respectively, aligning with broader Financials and Energy category outflows of $416.4M and $140.1M.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| SMH | VanEck Semiconductor ETF | $66.09B | $706.2M |
| XLP | State Street Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR ETF | $14.60B | $562.2M |
| XLY | State Street Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR ETF | $22.10B | $207.0M |
| XOP | State Street SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF | $4.25B | $196.8M |
| XLK | State Street Technology Select Sector SPDR ETF | $124.27B | $191.4M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| SOXX | iShares Semiconductor ETF | $42.95B | ($570.4M) |
| IGV | iShares Expanded Tech-Software Sector ETF | $14.05B | ($326.1M) |
| KRE | State Street SPDR S&P Regional Banking ETF | $4.22B | ($318.3M) |
| XLE | State Street Energy Select Sector SPDR ETF | $45.17B | ($287.2M) |
| XLI | State Street Industrial Select Sector SPDR ETF | $31.01B | ($183.4M) |
Explore the Sector & Industry Explorer →
Region & Country
Regional flows were comparatively modest, with the iShares MSCI Japan ETF (EWJ) leading at $127.5M and iShares Asia 50 ETF (AIA) adding $69.4M. The Synera Funds Takumi+ ETF (SMTJ) gathered $28.6M, a sizable gain relative to its small AUM base. On the outflow side, Vanguard FTSE Europe ETF (VGK) led with $147.6M in redemptions, consistent with the Eurozone category’s $149.5M net outflow, while iShares MSCI Chile ETF (ECH) shed $21.9M.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| EWJ | iShares MSCI Japan ETF | $23.59B | $127.5M |
| AIA | iShares Asia 50 ETF | $4.50B | $69.4M |
| EWC | iShares MSCI Canada ETF | $7.53B | $42.6M |
| SMTJ | Synera Funds Takumi+ ETF | $81.1M | $28.6M |
| EWZS | iShares MSCI Brazil Small-Cap ETF | $520.7M | $10.5M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| VGK | Vanguard FTSE Europe ETF | $29.34B | ($147.6M) |
| ECH | iShares MSCI Chile ETF | $838.5M | ($21.9M) |
| KSTR | KraneShares China Technology & Semiconductor STAR 50 Index ETF | $291.5M | ($7.6M) |
| FLCA | Franklin FTSE Canada ETF | $858.8M | ($2.7M) |
| DVYA | iShares Asia/Pacific Dividend ETF | $67.2M | ($2.5M) |
Explore the Region & Country Explorer →
Thematic
Thematic flows were led by the Tema Electrification ETF (VOLT), which gathered $198.1M, equal to over 5% of its AUM, alongside the VanEck Gold Miners ETF (GDX) at $82.0M and Global X U.S. Infrastructure Development ETF (PAVE) at $46.8M. On the outflow side, the Roundhill Magnificent Seven ETF (MAGS) lost $121.9M, while Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT) and First Trust RBA American Industrial Renaissance ETF (AIRR) shed $73.3M and $57.7M, respectively.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| VOLT | Tema Electrification ETF | $954.8M | $198.1M |
| GDX | VanEck Gold Miners ETF | $25.26B | $82.0M |
| PAVE | Global X U.S. Infrastructure Development ETF | $13.48B | $46.8M |
| XHB | State Street SPDR S&P Homebuilders ETF | $1.34B | $39.7M |
| CIBR | First Trust NASDAQ Cybersecurity ETF | $17.77B | $25.7M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| MAGS | Roundhill Magnificent Seven ETF | $5.49B | ($121.9M) |
| LIT | Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF | $1.17B | ($73.3M) |
| AIRR | First Trust RBA American Industrial Renaissance ETF | $8.18B | ($57.7M) |
| CCNR | ALPS CoreCommodity Natural Resources ETF | $485.6M | ($44.1M) |
| EUV | Corgi Lithography & Semiconductor Photonics ETF | $251.9M | ($28.9M) |
Explore the Thematic Explorer →
Fixed Income
Fixed Income gathered $5.83B overall, led by the iShares National Muni Bond ETF (MUB) at $865.5M and iShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF (LQD) at $625.2M, consistent with the Municipal – Intermediate category’s $2.03B inflow and Taxable – Corporate’s $716.9M gain. The iShares 7-10 Year Treasury Bond ETF (IEF) added $547.1M and Vanguard Tax-Exempt Bond ETF (VTEB) gathered $476.6M. On the outflow side, iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF (TLT) shed $433.0M and ProShares GENIUS Money Market ETF (IQMM) lost $306.3M, while Invesco Senior Loan ETF (BKLN) redeemed $217.6M, aligning with the Bank Loans category’s $273.5M outflow.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| MUB | iShares National Muni Bond ETF | $53.79B | $865.5M |
| LQD | iShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF | $29.38B | $625.2M |
| IEF | iShares 7-10 Year Treasury Bond ETF | $42.09B | $547.1M |
| VTEB | Vanguard Tax-Exempt Bond ETF | $52.11B | $476.6M |
| SGOV | iShares 0-3 Month Treasury Bond ETF | $116.74B | $286.8M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| TLT | iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF | $47.72B | ($433.0M) |
| IQMM | ProShares GENIUS Money Market ETF | $18.90B | ($306.3M) |
| BKLN | Invesco Senior Loan ETF | $5.79B | ($217.6M) |
| VCIT | Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF | $67.24B | ($142.9M) |
| ZROZ | PIMCO 25+ Year Zero Coupon US Treasury Index Exchange-Traded Fund | $1.88B | ($126.5M) |
Explore the related Explorers: Taxable → · Municipal → · Specialty →
Commodity
Commodity products saw net outflows of $417.1M for the day, extending a negative $1.74B weekly and $832.2M monthly trend despite a positive $8.18B YTD figure. SPDR Gold Shares (GLD) led outflows with $519.5M, reflecting much of the Precious Metals category’s $447.2M net redemption, while iShares Gold Trust (IAU) lost $49.5M. Smaller gold-linked products offset some of this, with iShares Gold Trust Micro ETF (IAUM) adding $64.5M and SPDR Gold Minishares Trust (GLDM) gathering $32.0M.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| IAUM | iShares Gold Trust Micro ETF of Benef Interest | $8.02B | $64.5M |
| PDBC | Invesco Optimum Yield Diversified Commodity Strategy No K-1 ETF | $7.99B | $40.0M |
| GLDM | SPDR Gold Minishares Trust of beneficial interest | $30.57B | $32.0M |
| HGER | Harbor Commodity All-Weather Strategy ETF | $4.98B | $28.7M |
| SLV | iShares Silver Trust | $27.82B | $25.2M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| GLD | SPDR Gold Shares | $135.54B | ($519.5M) |
| IAU | iShares Gold Trust | $60.26B | ($49.5M) |
| USO | United States Oil Fund LP | $1.79B | ($16.3M) |
| DBA | Invesco DB Agriculture Fund | $1.27B | ($15.4M) |
| BWET | Breakwave Tanker Shipping ETF | $163.4M | ($8.8M) |
Explore the Commodities Explorer →
Cryptocurrency
Digital Asset products recorded net outflows of $751.8M, contrasting with a modestly positive 5-day flow of $40.5M and a $2.94B YTD gain. The iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT) led outflows with $254.1M, followed by Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund (FBTC) at $217.5M and ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF (ARKB) at $109.4M, consistent with the Cryptocurrency – Bitcoin category’s $641.2M net redemption. On the inflow side, Grayscale Zcash Trust (ZCSH) gathered $14.2M and Franklin XRP ETF (XRPZ) added $3.5M.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| ZCSH | Grayscale Zcash Trust | $681.3M | $14.2M |
| XRPZ | Franklin XRP ETF | $400.0M | $3.5M |
| FETH | Fidelity Ethereum Fund ETF | $1.43B | $2.4M |
| MSBT | Morgan Stanley Bitcoin Trust ETF | $874.0M | $2.3M |
| EZPZ | Franklin Crypto Index ETF | $17.2M | $1.0M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| IBIT | iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF | $65.95B | ($254.1M) |
| FBTC | Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund | $15.09B | ($217.5M) |
| ARKB | ARK 21Shares Bitcoin ETF | $2.50B | ($109.4M) |
| ETHA | iShares Ethereum Trust ETF | $7.78B | ($75.5M) |
| GBTC | Grayscale Bitcoin Trust ETF | $10.20B | ($29.5M) |
Explore the Digital Assets Explorer →
Non-Traditional
Non-Traditional products gathered $2.10B overall, led by a notable $1.60B inflow into the Direxion Daily Semiconductor Bull 3X ETF (SOXL), consistent with the Leverage | Inverse – Equity category’s $1.94B gain. The Direxion Daily Semiconductor Bear 3X ETF (SOXS) also added $291.4M, while ProShares UltraPro QQQ (TQQQ) gathered $139.3M. On the outflow side, JPMorgan NASDAQ Equity Premium Income ETF (JEPQ) lost $395.7M and Direxion Daily MU Bull 2X ETF (MUU) shed $156.0M, with Direxion Daily TSLA Bull 2X ETF (TSLL) losing $114.0M, consistent with the Leverage | Inverse – Single Stock category’s $421.3M net redemption.
| Ticker | Name | AUM | 1 Day Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 5 Leaders | |||
| SOXL | Direxion Daily Semiconductor Bull 3X ETF | $20.06B | $1.60B |
| SOXS | Direxion Daily Semiconductor Bear 3X ETF | $4.52B | $291.4M |
| TQQQ | ProShares UltraPro QQQ | $37.55B | $139.3M |
| SPYI | NEOS S&P 500 High Income ETF | $12.55B | $107.3M |
| QQQI | NEOS Nasdaq 100 High Income ETF | $15.05B | $106.8M |
| Top 5 Laggards | |||
| JEPQ | JPMorgan NASDAQ Equity Premium Income ETF | $42.75B | ($395.7M) |
| MUU | Direxion Daily MU Bull 2X ETF | $2.71B | ($156.0M) |
| TSLL | Direxion Daily TSLA Bull 2X ETF | $3.48B | ($114.0M) |
| SQQQ | ProShares UltraPro Short QQQ | $1.81B | ($43.6M) |
| TMF | Direxion Daily 20+ Year Treasury Bull 3X ETF | $2.03B | ($28.3M) |
Explore the related Explorers: Buffer → · Synthetic Income → · Leverage | Inverse →
Recent Launches
Recent launches were dominated by small, early-stage funds across unclassified and niche categories, with most carrying AUM under $1.0M at inception. Notable exceptions include Schwab International Bond ETF (SCIN), which launched with $25.0M in Fixed Income: Taxable – International USD, and Thrivent Large Cap Stock ETF (TLCE), which debuted with $19.9M in the U.S. Large Cap – Blend category. Thrivent Securitized Income ETF (TSIE) launched with $65.3M in Fixed Income: Taxable – Securitized, though its subsequent $40.2M single-day inflow appears tied to a custom rebalance rather than organic demand. Tema and Tuttle Capital each introduced multiple small, thematic or income-oriented products, including Tema Commodity Infrastructure ETF (THRU) and Tuttle Capital Innovation 100 Income & Hedge ETF (QQDH), both launching with sub-$1M AUM.
| Ticker | Name | ETF Action Category | Inception | AUM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OVQ | Overlay Shares Nasdaq 100 Income ETF | Unclassified | 10/23/2026 | $1.0M |
| QQDH | Tuttle Capital Innovation 100 Income & Hedge ETF | Unclassified | 10/23/2026 | $750.0K |
| SMNG | xETFs Samsung Group ETF | Unclassified | 10/22/2026 | $246.6K |
| EMAG | Emerging Markets AI Mag 3 ETF | Equity: Thematic – Disruptive Tech | 10/21/2026 | $470.0K |
| SCIN | Schwab International Bond ETF | Fixed Income: Taxable – International USD | 10/21/2026 | $25.0M |
| TLCE | Thrivent Large Cap Stock ETF | Equity: U.S. Large Cap – Blend | 10/21/2026 | $19.9M |
| FIFT | HCM Select 50 ETF | Equity: U.S. Large Cap – Blend | 10/21/2026 | $1.0M |
| THRU | Tema Commodity Infrastructure ETF | Unclassified | 10/21/2026 | $498.8K |
| TSIE | Thrivent Securitized Income ETF | Fixed Income: Taxable – Securitized | 10/21/2026 | $65.3M |
| ICOM | Tema Commodity Income ETF | Unclassified | 10/21/2026 | $491.6K |

Issuer flows were led in absolute terms by the largest brands, with Vanguard gathering $3.78B, iShares adding $3.44B, and State Street SPDR pulling in $2.55B, all broadly consistent with their multi-billion-dollar 30-day and YTD trends. Direxion stood out among non-mega issuers with $1.54B in single-day inflows, powered by leveraged equity products and far outpacing its $9.00B 30-day and modest $289.9M YTD totals, signaling an unusually strong single-day push. On the relative side, Synera Funds led all issuers with inflows equal to 35.26% of its $81.1M AUM base, while Alger added $610.9M, a gain of 5.89% of its $10.37B AUM. Laggards included ProShares (-$139.1M), Defiance (-$119.1M), and 21Shares (-$110.3M), the latter also showing negative 5-day, 30-day, and YTD flows of -$102.0M, -$291.9M, and -$575.1M respectively, reflecting a more sustained pattern of redemptions.